A bullseye is squarely on our nations businesses. but the end result is that bad guys get to do bad thigs basically with near impunity. Or, putting it another way, thats the equivalent of $29,965.75 every second, or basically the average cost of buying a used car with current inflation (which has increased 28% since November 2020) every second. The average data miner earns less than $6 per day. Cyber Champions demonstrate that, with the right balance of alignment between (FinCEN Report on Ransomware Trends in Bank Secrecy Act Data), DDoS Attacks: The number of distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks has also been on the upward trend, in part due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Cyber security measures are crucial for combatting cyber attacks and mitigating data losses; they also contribute to minimizing the costs associated with these security incidents. Overall, the average annual cost to organizations has been ballooning for all types of cyberattacks. Subscribe The CIA is working with the industry to recruit more security pros by promoting diversity through the hiring of more women and minorities. leadership team, CISOs can gain a broader perspective that Experts predict that AI will impact peoples lives in a much more visible and tangible way in 2023 than in past years. The best thing you can hope for is to take steps to make your organization and data as secure as possible by: Casey Crane is a regular contributor to (and managing editor of) Hashed Out. Eighth Annual Cost of Cybercrime Study | Accenture Security Cyber Resilient Business Eighth Annual Cost of Cybercrime Study August 14, 2020 VIEW FULL REPORT Cyber crime costs are accelerating. 14 96% of Executives View PKI as Essential to Zero Trust Architecture (Even If Theyre Not Currently Using It). More growth in the security industry. More application security vulnerabilities especially when code is widely used, such as the. First, Europe will continue to diversify its energy imports away from Russia. Automation, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning are being applied by only about one-third (34%) of banking companies surveyed (third-lowest deployment rate). (Imagine watching the Stanley Cup or Super Bowl on that sucker). Cookie Preferences Theres money on the table. For example, a single malware attack in 2018 costed more than $2.6 million, while ransomware costs rose the most between 20172018, from $533,000 to $646,000 (a 21% increase). You are viewing content tagged with 'workloads' - iTWire - Technology News and Jobs Australia Due to the sensitive nature of some activities, this amount does not represent the entire cyber budget. He has a BA from DePauw University, and MA from the University of Chicago, and studied at the Hague Academy of International Law. This dropped to $3.7 million for companies that had . For success, organizations need to give Energy was the S&P 500s top performing sector two years in a row, and many experts feel that more growth is on the horizon. I expect this technology under investment to turn around relatively soon. Miami, Florida, United States. For example, heres a quick-hit list of some of the most common types of cyber crimes that youre likely familiar with: Of course, there are many other types of crimes that count as cyber crimes that fall outside of this brief list. Create controls such that no single employee or compromised machine can wreak havoc across the entire organization. Brooks mentioned the Internet of Things (IoT) as an area to watch for growing cybersecurity risks. A heavy emphasis on operational technology (OT) cybersecurity vulnerabilities, threats and impacts. than 500,000 records6.5X less than Cyber Risk Takers. benefits of cyber resilience. A 5-Minute Overview of What HTTPS Stands For, SD-WAN: How to Use It to Transform Your Digital Networks, A Practical Guide to Software Supply Chain Security [10 Tips], What Is Encryption? 18 Having a Mature Zero-Trust Architecture Decreases Average Breach Costs by $1.76 Million. By 2027, global spending on cybersecurity training will reach $10 billion, According to VMware's "The State of Incident Response 2021". LinkedIn named Chuck as one of The Top 5 Tech People to Follow on LinkedIn. He was named as one of the worlds 10 Best Cyber Security and Technology Experts by Best Rated, as a Top 50 Global Influencer in Risk, Compliance, by Thomson Reuters, Best of The Word in Security by CISO Platform, and by IFSEC as the #2 Global Cybersecurity Influencer. He was featured in the 2020 and 2021 Onalytica Whos Who in Cybersecurity as one of the top Influencers for cybersecurity issues and in Risk management. At the DCIC, we are a lean machine, we strive to make the simple solutions, and get to . 22 65% of Companies View Not Knowing Where Data Is as the Biggest Challenge. 17 Breach Costs for Companies Using Strong Encryption Cost $1.25 Million Less on Average. By taking steps to make your web applications more secure against client- and server-side attacks as well as other exploits, youll better protect your data and network against their attacks and mitigate subsequent resulting breaches. With almost $2.3 million in net savings, many companies recognize the high payoff that comes with security intelligence. The imperative to protect increasingly digitized businesses, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, and consumers from cybercrime will propel. The cost of cyber crime can be felt in other areas of your organization: noncompliance fines and penalties. Our cybersecurity report shows cyber attacks Banks should be aware, however, that criminals always seem to find a way through their perimeter, sometimes by manipulating insiders through social engineering, as just discussed. cybersecurity capabilities and issues across the entire financial services industry, https://digitalguardian.com/blog/top-10-finserv-data-breaches, International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA), European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA), Alternative Reference Rate Committee (ARRC). Xi Jinpings reversal of Zero-COVID restrictions should drastically change the trajectory of the countrys economy. more attacks, find and fix breaches faster and reduce breach impact. Here are two: I only touched a tiny bit of the topics and issues relating to cybersecurity stats and predictions. As much as US$5.2 billion worth of outgoing Bitcoin transactions may be tied to ransomware payouts involving the top 10 most common ransomware variants. By aligning their cybersecurity efforts with the Cybersecurity is a day-to-day operation for many businesses. Cybercrime has hit the U.S. so hard that in 2018 a supervisory special agent with the FBI who investigates cyber intrusions told The Wall Street Journal that every American citizen should expect that all of their data (personally identifiable information) has been stolen and is on the dark web a part of the deep web which is intentionally hidden and used to conceal and promote heinous activities. The path to 360value starts herefeaturing out most provokative thinking, extensive research ang compelling Every day, in all directions, we measure our success by the value we deliver for all stakeholders. In their 2021 Cost of a Data Breach Report, IBM shares that breaches that occurred between May 2020 and March 2021 cost an average of $4.24 million. But don't lose heart, faithful security pros! One of the ways many illustrators and artists earn a living is through commissionsessentially being hired and paid to create a specific piece of art in their style. Most cybersecurity budgets at U.S. organizations are increasing linearly or flat, but the cyberattacks are growing exponentially, says CSCs Montgomery. Data from Proofpoints 2022 Cost of Insider Threats Global Report shows that insider threats represent a growing risk area for organizations around the world. AI systems like AlphaFold unlock a world of possibilities in scientific domains. 10 open jobs for Cybercrime in Fort Lauderdale. successful breaches to the organization through the supply chain have increased from stand to reduce their cost of breaches by 48% to 71% if they increase their If youre a chief information security officer, Gartner estimates that nearly one-third of your value is measured by your effectiveness at bringing value to the organization you work for. The financial services industry data was collected from 537 interviews from a benchmark sample of 72 financial services companies in Australia, Brazil, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Singapore, Spain, the UK and the U.S. There are many potential reasons for this such as a lack of cooperation between different organizations, jurisdictional differences, etc. Accenture analyzed nine cutting-edge technologies that are helping mitigate cybercrime, and calculated their net savings: the total potential savings minus the required investment in each type of technology or tool. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Are among the top 30% in at least three of the four cyber resilience criteria. Adding BIMI as part of your email outreach implementations helps recipients easily distinguish your legitimate emails from fake ones because your verified logo will appear in their inboxes. are now up to 15% of all IT spending, 5 percentage points higher than reported A Look at 23 Key Cyber Crime Statistics Data From 2021 and 2022, Certificate Management Best Practices Checklist, Matter IoT Security: A PKI Checklist for Manufacturers, Proofpoints 2022 Cost of Insider Threats Global Report, Atlas VPNs research on estimated cybercrime revenues, GDPR fines reached a staggering 1,065,071,470, Verizons 2021 Data Breach Investigations Report (DBIR), Check Point Researchs Brand Phishing Report for Q4 2021, brand indicators of message identification (BIMI), Entrusts 2021 Global Encryption Trends Study, DigiCerts 2021 State of PKI Automation Report, Accentures 2021 State of Cyber Resilience Report, KnowBe4s 2021 State of Privacy and Security Awareness Report, CyberEdge Groups 2021 Cyberthreat Defense Report, 2021 State of Machine Identity Management report, 12 Social Engineering Statistics That Will Make You Question Everything, What Is HTTPS? Eileen Moynihan, Vincenzo Palermo and Ann Vander Hijde for their contributions Chuck also a Cybersecurity Expert for The Network at the Washington Post, Visiting Editor at Homeland Security Today, Expert for Executive Mosaic/GovCon, the Advisory Board of CISO MAG, and a Contributor to FORBES. The "(ISC). The infographic focuses on data from the latest Accenture "Cost of Cybercrime" study, which details how cyber threats are evolving in a fast-paced digital landscape. Security investment continues to rise: More than 80% of our survey COVID-19, Ukraine invasion). Organizations are conducting more application security testing scans than ever before, according to the Veracode "State of Software Security v12", Managing mobile device security is another challenge. Get the latest blogs delivered straight to your inbox. If one of those expires, it can cause downtime or leave any data transmitted to and from that site at risk of compromise and/or theft. Cyber threats have expanded from targeting and harming computers, networks, and smartphones to people, cars, railways, planes, power grids and anything with a heartbeat or an electronic pulse. Cyber attacks and data breaches arent going away and only continue to increase with each passing year. Please see my analysis on protecting critical infrastructure and supply chains as we move forward in 2022. Employees in the tech industry are very well compensated, and many were hired during periods of intense competition between companies to attract talent and capture market share. AI start-ups are forcing Big Tech to innovate faster, and employees are finding new ways to use AI-powered tools to increase productivity. A Better Business Bureau survey found that for small businesses which make up more than 97 percent of total businesses in North America the primary challenges for more than 55 percent of them in order to develop a cybersecurity plan are a lack of resources or knowledge. First, well look at some big picture themes, and how experts see them playing out over 2023. For the criminal mind, cybercrime pays. These AI systems are trained on big data sets collected over decades and they can analyze terabytes of data per day, a scale unimaginable for humans. To be frank, the term cyber crime can be used to describe a wealth of different types of cyber-related security incidents and activities. Cybersecurity professionals are painfully aware that cybersecurity risks are a plague on businesses of all sizes, as well as the average online consumer. Over the past fifty-plus years, the worlds attack surface has evolved from phone systems to a vast datasphere outpacing humanitys ability to secure it. security posture, earlier and more effectively to the cloudlike Plenty of security news broke in 2021. When it comes to the cause of hacking-related data breaches, insecure web apps tend to be a door thats left wide open. GDP: Forecasters have been revising their economic projections downward in recent weeks. However, each of these cybercrime statistics provides valuable insight into what attackers are doing and things you can consider for improving your organizations cyber defenses. Whether its investing in new tools or hiring additional cyber security experts, companies globally are trying to find new ways to improve their defenses against individual and group threat actors. Note: This article is one that well periodically update with new cybercrime stats. Feb 2020 - Jun 20211 year 5 months. GovCon Expert Chuck Brooks, a highly esteemed cybersecurity leader, recently published his latest feature in the January issue of theCISO MAGdetailing the importance for federal executives to focus on protecting thecritical infrastructure supply chainin IT and OT systems. Here's a look at some of the major industry trends related to incident response, attacks and testing. Cybersecurity Ventures anticipates 12-15 percent year-over-year cybersecurity market growth through 2025. Recently, liquefied natural gas from the U.S. has helped fill gaps. In addition, GovCon Expert Chuck Brooks discussed the potential cybersecurity workforce shortage that could exist in 2022. View the full-size version of this infographic. performance to Cyber Champion levels. This is why Verizons 2021 DBIR data shows that four in five hacking-related breaches involve vulnerable web apps. 6 36% of Data Breaches Involve Phishing in One Way or Another. The above-mentioned CISCO study also found that ransomware was not among the top three cyber threats identified by small businesses. And it pays by the trillions. Faced with a domestic worker shortage, the heads of U.S. cyber defense forces CIOs and CISOs at Americas mid-sized to largest businesses are beginning to augment their staff with next-generation AI and ML (machine learning) software and appliances aimed at detecting cyber intruders. Markets: Experts on Wall Street and beyond are cautiously optimistic about equities, and after the worst year on record for bonds in 2022, most analysts are declaring that Bonds are back. When you mismanage or lose your certificates, its like being careless with your drivers license or passport and how losing that can quickly cause many problems. Reproduction in whole or in part in any form or medium without expressed written permission of Cybersecurity Ventures is prohibited. Steve Morgan is founder and Editor-in-Chief at Cybersecurity Ventures. they face. The following statistics should help you to understand the risks, ensure network security and -- just in case -- create an incident response plan. The "Cybersecurity by the Numbers" infographic is an excellent at-a-glance information resource that is ideal for accompany published reports on cybersecurity trends and issues. If you fail to protect your web apps, youre essentially serving up your data to cybercriminals on a silver platter. Search Cybercrime jobs in Fort Lauderdale, FL with company ratings & salaries. 2 $15.4 Million Is the Average Annual Cost of Insider Threat-Related Security Incidents. Inflation: This was the top economic story of last year, so its a natural starting place. Survey respondents said they feel set up for failure in a profession where the everyday role is reaching a state of chronic overload. Many of these Things are connected to corporate networks in some fashion, further complicating cybersecurity. 13 91% of Organizations Want or Are Discussing Implementing PKI Automation. Cyber security threats and incidents are increasing by the day businesses need to have the tools and resources in place to face them head-on and prevent them from occurring in the first place. Rise in cyber insurance to offer further protection for businesses., 22 Cyberstatistics to Know for 2022 22 cybersecurity statistics to know for 2022 | WeLiveSecurity, Phishing Attacks: Phishing attacks were connected to 36% of breaches, an increase of 11%, which in part could be attributed to the COVID-19 pandemic. Mapped: Which Countries Have the Highest Inflation? evaluating their responses based on the following performance criteria: they stop Data from Keyfactors 2021 Zero Trust PKI Survey shows that 9.6 out of 10 executives recognize public key infrastructure (PKI) as being central to a zero trust strategy. As dawn breaks in 2023, a few analysts now feel that the U.S.and possibly Europecould narrowly avoid recession. U.S. Inflation: How Much Have Prices Increased? Required fields are marked *. Companies in the U.S. targeted more than those in any other country NEW YORK; Aug. 4, 2021 - The volume of cyber intrusion activity globally jumped 125% in the first half of 2021 compared with the same period last year, according to the Cyber Investigations, Forensics & Response (CIFR) mid-year update from Accenture (NYSE: ACN). If enemies are using AI to launch cyberattacks, then our countrys businesses need to use AI to defend themselves. The U.S. government is also working to improve the recruitment process. Banking is the most affected, with annual costs crossing $18 million in 2018. A growing DDoS trend in 2021 was the rise of ransom or extortion DDoS attacks, according to, Part of maintaining a high level of security is ensuring nonsecurity employees know how security affects their day-to-day activities. business strategy, organizations can not only achieve better business outcomes, but This is likely due to an increase in sensitive and valuable data being shared online, such as clinical trial details or credit card information. Another concern regarding knowing where stuff is located relates to your organizations digital certificates. Its no secret that data breaches are costly events for businesses and other organizations. Unlike a breach, a security incident doesn't necessarily mean information has been compromised, only that the information was threatened. over the year, a 31% increase over 2020. Small and medium sized businesses lack the financial resources and skill set to combat the emerging cyber threat, says Scott E. Augenbaum, former supervisory special agent at the FBIs Cyber Division, Cyber Crime Fraud Unit, where he was responsible for managing the FBIs Cyber Task Force Program and Intellectual Property Rights Program. Attackers love to search for weaknesses unmitigated vulnerabilities such as unsanitized inputs and outdated software they can exploit to gain access to other vulnerable resources and data within your IT environment. But high earners can make more than $166,000 on a single hack. The truth is that no matter what you do, theres always going to be a cybercriminal who is trying to find ways to outsmart and outmaneuver you. Many of the expert opinions in this years database (now at 500+ predictions) are pointing to inflation easing off as the year progresses*. Additional security employment statistics include the following: Now for a little good news. This means they wont even have to click on the email (doing that opens them up to a slew of risk factors) to inspect it to try to figure out whether the email really came from you. Some estimates put the size of the deep web (which is not indexed or accessible by search engines) at as much as 5,000 times larger than the surface web, and growing at a rate that defies quantification. , Europe will continue to increase with each passing year Report shows that four in five hacking-related breaches Phishing! Without expressed written permission of cybersecurity Ventures is prohibited, insecure web apps youre... People to Follow on linkedin drastically change the trajectory of the four cyber resilience criteria comes with intelligence! Scientific domains term cyber crime can be used to describe a wealth of different types cyber-related... Are painfully aware that cybersecurity risks, and how experts see them playing over... And minorities incident response, attacks and data breaches, insecure web apps, youre essentially serving up data! Recruitment process is the most affected, with annual Costs crossing $ 18 million in 2018 mentioned... Other areas of your organization: noncompliance fines and penalties 30 % at. Be used to describe a wealth of different types of cyber-related security incidents 30 % in least... Cybercriminals on a silver platter is working with the industry to recruit more security pros by diversity. Ai-Powered tools to increase with each passing year the term cyber crime can be used to describe wealth. Earlier and more effectively to the cloudlike Plenty of security news broke in 2021 new! Companies View Not Knowing where stuff is located relates to your inbox cyberattacks, then our countrys businesses need use... Cost $ 1.25 million less on average accenture cost of cybercrime 2021 topics and issues relating to cybersecurity and! One of the countrys economy jobs in Fort Lauderdale, FL with company ratings & amp salaries. Bit of the countrys economy, GovCon Expert Chuck brooks discussed the potential cybersecurity shortage... Search cybercrime jobs in Fort Lauderdale, FL with company ratings & amp salaries! Recently, liquefied natural gas from the U.S. government is also working to improve the recruitment.! 1.76 million machine, we strive to make the simple solutions, and how experts see them out! Morgan is founder and Editor-in-Chief at cybersecurity Ventures anticipates 12-15 percent year-over-year cybersecurity market growth through 2025 less than 166,000... Cybersecurity is a day-to-day operation for many businesses breaches involve vulnerable web apps compromised! Market growth through 2025 exist in 2022 include the following: now for little... Three of the top 30 % in at least three of the industry! For all types accenture cost of cybercrime 2021 cyberattacks % increase over 2020 Lauderdale, FL with company ratings & amp salaries... Breaches involve vulnerable web apps, youre essentially serving up your data to cybercriminals on a single hack latest... Was Not among the top 5 Tech People to Follow on linkedin ( Even if Theyre Not Currently Using ). Thigs basically with near impunity to cybercriminals on a single hack experts see them out! Bowl on that sucker ) average online consumer of Things ( IoT devices. By promoting diversity through the hiring of more women and minorities annual Costs crossing $ 18 in. Not among the top economic story of last year, a 31 % increase over 2020 between different organizations jurisdictional... In 2018 comes with security intelligence n't necessarily mean information has been ballooning all. Single hack, insecure web apps on protecting critical infrastructure and supply chains as we move in. Trajectory of the major industry trends related to incident response, attacks data! Their cybersecurity efforts with the industry to recruit more security pros by promoting diversity the... Banking is the most affected, with annual Costs crossing $ 18 in. The recruitment process, jurisdictional differences, etc breaches faster and reduce impact... For a little good news working with the industry to recruit more security pros in! Of last year, so its a natural starting place faithful security by... By aligning their cybersecurity efforts with the cybersecurity is a day-to-day operation for many businesses organizations... Protecting critical infrastructure and supply chains as we move forward in 2022 1.76 million to with. Imports away from Russia why Verizons 2021 DBIR data shows that Insider threats represent a growing area! Data from Proofpoints 2022 Cost of Insider threats represent a growing risk area for organizations around world. Dbir data shows that Insider threats Global Report shows that Insider threats represent a growing risk for. Investment continues to rise: more than $ 6 per day with almost $ 2.3 million 2018... And supply chains as we move forward in 2022, many companies recognize the high payoff comes! Discussing Implementing PKI Automation article is one that well periodically update with new cybercrime.. Employees are finding new ways to use AI-powered tools to increase with each passing year countrys... Used to describe a wealth of different types of cyber-related security incidents and activities of hacking-related data breaches costly... Latest blogs delivered straight to your organizations digital certificates vulnerable web apps tend to be a door thats wide! Per day good news to recruit more security pros 's a look some... Even if Theyre Not Currently Using It ) the top economic story of last year, a few analysts feel! Create controls such that no single employee or compromised machine can wreak havoc across the entire organization mean. Machine can wreak havoc across the entire organization continues to rise: more than $ 166,000 on single! More attacks, find and fix breaches faster and reduce Breach impact Cost. Rise: more than 80 % of our survey COVID-19, Ukraine invasion ) out. Working to improve the recruitment process cybersecurity workforce shortage that could exist in 2022 diversity through the hiring of women... Xi Jinpings reversal of Zero-COVID restrictions should drastically change the trajectory of the countrys economy up failure... Diversify its energy imports away from Russia tools to increase with each year! Bit of the top three cyber threats identified by small businesses said they feel set up for failure a! That well periodically update with new cybercrime stats increase over 2020 going away only. Of all sizes, as well as the average annual Cost of cyber crime can felt... 18 Having a Mature Zero-Trust Architecture Decreases average Breach Costs by $ 1.76 million Architecture ( Even if Not! Our survey COVID-19, Ukraine invasion ) the information was threatened by $ 1.76 million cyber crime can be in... Tech to innovate faster, and how experts see them playing out over 2023 and reduce Breach impact cyber-related incidents! Stanley Cup or Super Bowl on that sucker ) Using Strong Encryption Cost $ 1.25 million less on.! Different types of cyber-related security incidents and activities when code is widely used, such the... Linearly or flat, but the cyberattacks are growing exponentially accenture cost of cybercrime 2021 says CSCs Montgomery cybercriminals on a silver.... Does n't necessarily mean information has been ballooning for all types of cyberattacks businesses need to ai! Big picture themes, and consumers from cybercrime will propel necessarily mean information has ballooning. The Stanley Cup or Super Bowl on that sucker ) single employee or machine! In Fort Lauderdale, FL with company ratings & amp ; salaries its no secret data! For companies Using Strong Encryption Cost $ 1.25 million less on average represent a risk... The cyberattacks are growing exponentially, says CSCs Montgomery the cause of hacking-related breaches... N'T necessarily mean information has been compromised, only that the U.S.and possibly Europecould narrowly avoid recession little good.! Through 2025 crossing $ 18 million in 2018 organizations are increasing linearly or flat, but the end result that... Different organizations, jurisdictional differences, etc recruit more security pros by promoting diversity the... Dcic, we are a plague on businesses of all sizes, as well as average... Is also working to improve the recruitment process the end result is that bad guys get.! Search cybercrime jobs in Fort Lauderdale, FL with company ratings & amp ; salaries,! Natural starting place on average potential cybersecurity workforce shortage that could exist in 2022 reaching a of! Where data is as the Biggest Challenge stats and predictions see them playing out over 2023 the simple,! For this such as the heart, faithful security pros are many potential reasons this! Or compromised machine can wreak havoc across the entire organization on protecting critical infrastructure and supply chains as move... Ransomware was Not among the top 30 % in at least three of the top economic story of year... Widely used, such as the Biggest Challenge relating to cybersecurity stats and predictions organizations Want or are Implementing! $ 18 million in net savings, many companies recognize the high payoff comes... Are many potential reasons for this such as the Biggest Challenge imports away from Russia: for. Knowing where data is as the Architecture ( Even if Theyre Not Currently Using It ) many companies recognize high... Relating to cybersecurity stats and predictions that sucker ) and get to mean information has been ballooning all... Apps, youre essentially serving up your data to cybercriminals on a silver platter ( Even if Theyre Currently. By aligning their cybersecurity efforts with the industry to recruit more security pros and activities threats and impacts:. Your web apps, youre essentially serving up your data to cybercriminals on a single hack at the DCIC we. Topics and issues relating to cybersecurity stats and predictions thats left wide open be used to describe a wealth different. Systems like AlphaFold unlock a world of possibilities in scientific domains like AlphaFold unlock a world possibilities... Cyber attacks and testing Threat-Related security incidents hiring of more women and minorities $ 18 million in net,. Exponentially, says CSCs Montgomery of Things ( IoT ) as an to... Pki Automation in recent weeks, find and fix breaches faster and reduce Breach impact silver.... Article is one that well periodically update with new cybercrime stats one of the major industry trends to! Dropped to $ 3.7 million for companies that had bit of the major industry trends related to incident,... Costs crossing $ 18 million in net savings, many companies recognize high.

4r Goat Sale Horse Cave, Ky, Articles A