http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/NCI/research-funding. In the second example, the writer is copying the exact words of Dr. Marshall. Use logical quotation When you place a keyword or other string literal within quotation marks, put punctuation, like commas and periods, outside of the final quotation mark. Accessed November 3, 2012. Rules for using other punctuation along with quotation marks 1) Outside the quotation marks: colons, semicolons, and dashes. Scare Quotes: Also known as air quotes, sneer quotes, or shudder quotes, scare quotes are put around a word or phrase to note atypical usage or disapproval. Order citations as they appear in your paper. Quotation marks arent only used to capture spoken words. How else was I going to fund my start-up company? her brother asked. Punctuation Punctuation is one component of writing that people seldom think about or notice except when it is wrong. The most common uses of quotation marks are either for dialogue or for direct quotations. If the quotation enclosed in single marks also contains material-whether another quotation or the title of a work-that needs to be set off with quotation marks, use double quotation marks around that material. The dagger symbol also indicates deathwhen placed before or after a person's name, it means that person is deceased. If a complete sentence or independent clause precedes the quotation, a colon is the appropriate mark of punctuation. Mignon Fogarty is the founder of Quick and Dirty Tips and the author of seven books on language, including the New York Times bestseller "Grammar Girl's Quick and Dirty Tips for Better Writing." This helps create a break between the quote and the narrative that follows. Put commas and periods within quotation marks, except when a parenthetical reference follows. Uses of the asterisk 1. Magazine article: Modern Art and the Esteem Machine in, Essay: Once More to the Lake by E. B. This latter sort of thing is awkward, however, and best avoided if you can help it. Its also important to note that the Associated Press Stylebook (AP) says not to use the asterisk in journalism writing because the symbol may not be seen by AP computers or received by newspapers. There are a few other times you might see double quotation marks. If the whole sentence, including the quotation, is a question or an exclamation, then the question mark or exclamation point goes outside the closing quotation mark; but if only the part inside the quotation marks is a question or exclamation, then the question mark or exclamation point goes inside the closing quotation mark. To fully understand how to quote a quote, some of the characteristics of Quotation marks must be first understood. Despite that, the general rule in American style English is that commas and periods go within quotations. Use single quotation marks inside the double quotation marks to indicate that someone is speaking. A.Garners ModernAmerican Usage, Fourth Edition. These are the written equivalent of air quotes. Seventeenth Edition. Put simply, if the quote itself quotes another source, this is where to use the single quotation mark in American English punctuation. . When a direct quotation forms a complete sentence, capitalize the first letter within the quotation marks. 1. Answer British style place periods and commas outside closing quotation marks. The asterisk is the most amazing symbol ever created! For example, APA style block quotes should be used for direct quotations that are longer than 40 words. Block quotes require other formatting guidelines that also vary, so again, check whichever guide is applicable. Which Teeth Are Normally Considered Anodontia? Style manuals vary on how long a block quote has to be in order to be considered a block quotation, so see whichever house manual applies should be adopted. The Chicago Manual of Style says commas and periods almost always precedes closing quotation mark, like this, rather than after, like this. Rule 4. Typically, an asterisk is used for the first footnote, a dagger for the second footnote and a double dagger for the third. Theres no such place!, I didnt realize To be or not to be was from, I didnt realize To be or not to be was from. Whenever an asterisk is placed within a text, a corresponding asterisk is placed at the bottom of the page, within the footer area, directly below the printed textual material. Writing Tips: The Basics of Punctuation in AP Style. The following three examples show different instances when we might use an asterisk: In formal and especially academic writing, the asterisk is most commonly used to introduce a footnote. If you were the author of such an example, you would use italics, not quotation marks, to set it off. Optimal strategies for the treatment of metastatic triple-negative breast cancer with currently approved agents. In printed content, use curly quotation marks (" ") except in user input and code samples, which call for straight quotation marks (" "). Dont use them when you speak Exclamation mark. I'm from France. My name is Beth. Indirect quotes are essentially paraphrasing something someone said, and is an approximation of the original text or quoted material, not a direct or word for word copy. Should full stops be inside quotation marks? Those little, hovering semicircles, doubled and curved and opened and closed, suggest not an ordered world, but its inverse: instability, uncertainty, the lack of an axis. For materials with one or two authors, include both names. draw attention to a word you're defining. Topics: But sometimes, people use single quotation marks. After the best night of his life, Carlos wanted to sleep all day. The quotation marks around "intellectuals" indicate that the writer believes that these are in fact so-called intellectuals, not real intellectuals at all. Depending on the organization, the word might be censored completely or may have only some of the letters omitted. The asterisk sometimes gets a bad rapits got ties to dubious claims and naughty languageso lets clean up this starry symbols reputation a bit by explaining how to properly use it. Remembering My Past Published By New Magazine, Before traveling to Japan, he learned the word, Whats the pointy part inside the flower called? Thats why most other places in the world write in UK English, including Wikipedia, most blogs and websites. Overall, you can stick to this basic rule: question marks and exclamation points go inside quotation marks if they are a part of the quoted matter. In the example above, Dr. Marshalls exact words are part of another sentence. (In British English, the style is generally to place periods and commas outside the quotation marks. Punctuation Inside or Outside Quotation Marks? If its a short direct quote its called a run-in quotation. Period and comma. In all varieties of English, semicolons and colons go outside the quotation marks. In AP style, you should use one of these if at least one of the list items contains its own conjunction. * Melby attempts to justify his decision as being sound! Here's an example of the difference . footnotes, She knows she is no longer safe, saying, "I feared for my Safety in this wicked House" (28). To learn how to hire her for your next project, go towww.dotanddashllc.com. Reading articles, such as the one being read right now, stretches brains (figuratively speaking), and a persons ability to think better. In general, the rules of quotation marks are similar, but there are two major changes. Texas, with a history of rugged individualism, was part of the "Sagebrush rebellion." 2A. Two properties of end punctuation are (a) that they are almost never used in combination with one another (even though sometimes it seems like they should be) and (b) that there is a hierarchy among the marks that determines which one you should use for a given sentence. Grammarbook.com has more information about quotation marks and . The word comes from a Greek word meaning little star. (1)In the past, asterisks were used to show the omission of a letter or a passage in time, but that role has largely been taken over by the ellipsis. In the US, commas and periods always go inside the quotation marks. Another use for single quotation marks is for common words that have become specialized vocabulary words. American style guide uses double quotation marks . Breast Cancer (Auckl.). And if you would like extra help to ensure your punctuation is perfect, why not submit a free 500-word trial document for our AP style experts to proofread today? She is an inductee in the Podcasting Hall of Fame, and the show is a five-time winner of Best Education Podcast in the Podcast Awards. But what does it say about punctuation? OK, those last couple of sentences could use a bit of clarification: these are the opinions of the writer and do not necessarily represent everyone who uses an asterisk. https://www.quickanddirtytips.com/education/grammar/ellipses, Grammar Girl's Quick and Dirty Tips for Better Writing, How do I use multiple asterisks? Commas and Periods Within Quotation Marks British English puts commas and periods (full stops) outside the quotation marks unless the quotation is also a complete sentence or the punctuation is part of the quotation. If the quotation ends a sentence or is a sentence in its own right, place the final full stop before the final quotation mark. Despite the overall lack of underlying logic to include punctuation inside quotation marks and before closing quotations, the majority of American news and media outlets, such as The New York Times, The Washington Post and all other American news companies adheres to these punctuation rules. Notes to specific parts of a table. The Chicago Manual of Style. In all English dialects, a question mark appears outside quotation marks when you are the one asking the question, but within when the person being quoted was asking one. One will need to use quotation marks when quoting authors to show which words are from the other work. Monica asked, Have you seen my lighter fluid? Asterisk ( * ) Mainland Chinese supply chains often use an asterisk in place of a multiplication sign () to specify product dimensions. When youre placing an asterisk in a sentence, you may wonder where it goes relative to other punctuation marks. good question. Does the punctuation go inside the parentheses? Lewis and J.R.R. Direct quotations, on the other hand, are word for word copies of the original text, and they require the use of quotation marks; whereas indirect quotes do not. 1. The asterisk is a symbol many people are likely familiar with even if theyve never actually used one in their writing. Example: He said, Im running behind and Im going to be late to class., Example: Im running behind, he said, and Im going to be late to class.. I'm so mad she said, "Honey, collate all these papers" (exclamation point) 2. These longer excerpts (block quotes,) are opposite run-in quotes, which uses the same formatting as the surrounding text, and are much more common in writing. First, there are scare quotes. Tolkien were members of the Inklings. Is there a comma before while? According to AP style, a question mark is inside quotation marks if that part is the question and outside the quotation marks if the whole sentence is a question. Always place periods and commas inside closing quote marks, even when they are not a part of the text being quoted. Example: Im going to be a couple minutes late to class today, he said. At the end of the document, include a reference list with full citations to each item. Jul 19, 2012 #2 There must always be a full stop (or equivalent) at the end of the sentence: in this case, after the quotation mark. Type "=CONCATENATE (A1,A2)" in an empty cell. Following American rules, commas go inside quotation marks just like periods. Examples: 2B. Albert said, Theres a ghost in the closet. A footnote is an explanation or a comment at the bottom of a page that refers back to a specific part of the text. 3. 5. Test your skills with a quiz. And, grammar rules can be broken. 2A. (question mark) 3. She has appeared as a guest expert on the Oprah Winfrey Show and the Today Show. Finally. My mother rose to her feet. It would look really awkward and clumsy to use two sets of double quotation marks. Gradishar WJ. Quotation marks are most often used to mark something that is spoken or, in other words, to designate a direct quote. The name explanation point is often used to convey a sense of excitement on the part of the text receiver upon receiving a text from the texter. Typographic styles [ edit] Quotation marks in quotation marks are usually placed surrounding a person's words, though they can also be placed outside them (as long as they're not part of the same sentence). Choose whether the punctuation mark goes inside our outside of the quotation marks. British English puts commas and periods (full stops) outside the quotation marks unless the quotation is also a complete sentence or the punctuation is part of the quotation. Does it go before or after a dash, for example? To keep it straight, follow these two simple rules: First, when quoting a full, complete sentence, the first word of that quote should always be capitalized. If your project style sheet requires straight quotation marks with sans serif fonts, such as in headings, follow the style sheet. . Learn the difference and master the art of English prose. However, it does have a couple of requirements for how to punctuate abbreviations. For instance, you use them for dialogue, direct quotations, short titles, and scare quotes. And then if theres a quote within that, you use single quote marks. I'm an ESL teacher with over 7 years of experience in providing original content. He told How do you stand though on other punctuation, such as: Whats an Oxford comma (serial comma)? What about capitalizing the first letter of a direct quote. This includes cases when a quote is interrupted by a description. . The world's best online resource for learning English. Open your spreadsheet in Microsoft Excel. The only time you may see commas and periods outside the quotation marks in American English is for passwords or other computer inputs. Although its not as common as future simple or present perfect, there are still instances that require using it so you can avoid possible misunderstandings. If the footnote is on the same page, it will typically also begin with an asterisk as well. She said, "Hurry up". These are as follows: If you are using UK or Australian English, though, you may want to ignore this advice! 5. Do Men Still Wear Button Holes At Weddings? This writing tool uses machine-learning technology uniquely designed to catch grammar as well as spelling errors. Asterisks are sometimes used in writing to censor offensive or inappropriate language. https://libguides.usc.edu/healthsciences/ama_style, After the fact, quotation, or idea being cited. Incorrect: The article I read online, Reigning Monstrosity, says theRygryung Hotel is a luxurious hotel in North Koreas capital, Pyongyang. 1B. A Rule Without Exception: Chicago 1906 Example: He said that he was going to be a couple minutes late to class today. It looks like a period with a vertical line over it: ! Quotations look like upside down teardrops: Sometimes theyll appear as single quotation marks, or a single, sad upside down teardrop: . What about commas, exclamation points, and question marks? Quotations signify when exact word for word text and phrases have been taken from a passage or source outside the text which is using the punctuation mark. 2018, https://www.apstylebook.com/ap_stylebook/asterisk (accessed November 18, 2018). As youve probably noticed, quotation marks are an extremely common set of punctuation marks. Arnie Ten, the artist who drew the illustrations in the Sniglets books, was also the artist for the first two Grammar Girl books. American style is followed in America (in case that wasnt already obvious), and most parts of Canada, and the British rules are followed in Australia and New Zealand. You may also use author names in your writing, as long as these mentions are accompanied by numbered citations. Apparently the convention was adopted to To improve the appearance of the text. For example: Melby states that this decision was sound. Storing latex at high heat may cause degradation, Some physicians choose to store prescription pads in locked cabinets. The sentence must include the authors name, page number, and publishing year. , Rule 2. I'm a French and English native speaker and I really like writing. As of now, the American style is rigid on the convention to keep these punctuation inside quotation marks. But, if the parenthetical material is nested inside another sentence, the period should go on the outside. You can also use quotation marks in quotationsthat is, you can put quotes around other quotes, which youd place inside or outside of their own quotation marks. Examples He rarely spoke of the "incident" that caused him to leave his previous employer. Short quotations of direct speech are enclosed in single quotation marks. "The rules of a colon": place colons outside the closing quotation mark. Correct: Wasnt it Orwell who wrote, It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were striking thirteen? What do you mean Darcys coming to dinner? asked Ted. Whether you want the dash inside or outside quotation marks when there is an interruption is really a matter of personal preference. But if a superscript figure is at the end of the sentence, where exactly does it go? Other examples of related punctuation marks include periods and question marks, which also go at the end of sentences. A rundown of the general rules of when and where to use quotation marks. And is there any space before the superscript figure? Thats the question (mark!) Unlike superscript numbers or letters, the asterisk can be used alone when you need only a handful of footnotes in an article or story. It's also commonly mispronounced. Its worth nothing that even within American English, there are numerous style guides to consider consulting before determining the correct choice in the adapted format. The main quotation still uses double quotes, and the inside quotation uses single ones. Answer: Do not leave any space between the superscript figure and the preceding word. In English, the rules for using quotation marks with exclamation points follow the same general rules as question marks. For. Birds love them! When a sentence merely summarizes anothers speech, or uses whats called an indirect quote, quotation marks are not necessary. Theyd look something like this: If you look in American style guides, youll see all the rules weve written above. Exclamation points, or exclamation marks as theyre also called, are punctuation marks designed to show excitement, emergency, emphasis, surprise, or strong emotion. Example: Hes always saying hes running behind and so will be late. The responsibility of representing other people's words accurately lies firmly on the shoulders of the author. But if you ask British people, theyll tell you something a little different. It can sometimes be tricky to remember when to capitalize words within quotation marks. Most American style guides recommend using single marks to enclose . (Usual British style: outside fullstop) That is "statement." (Usual American style: inside period) That is "question?" (No final punctuation mark for your sentence) Examples: He told us "I wanted to go to London". After the fact, quotation, or idea being cited; Outside periods and commas; Inside colons and semi-colons; If citing more than one reference at the same point, separate the numbers with commas and no spaces between. The AP Stylebook is written with American English in mind, so sometimes writers in other regions will need to adapt what it says to fit their own dialect. Here is an example of how a writer might use an asterisk with a footnote: When using an asterisk, it is typically considered proper to put the asterisk after every punctuation mark except dashes, in which case the asterisk would come first. Thanks for your clarification. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017. Unfortunately often, advertisements will have an asterisk that doesnt refer to anything on the page. Whether these punctuation marks go inside or outside quotation marks depends on context. Use to separate multiple in-text citations rather than having sets of parentheses next to each other: (n1 = 33; n2 = 11; Fu & Ginsburg, 2020). Examples will help. This rule applies regardless of whether the punctuation mark is a . If the quote is not a question or exclamation, the punctuation mark goes outside of the quotation marks. Most often, parentheses are used for translations within a text. Always place periods and commas inside closing quote marks, even when they are not a part of the text being quoted. There are differences between single quotation marks and double quotation marks, how to style them, and where to place punctuation that is used near a quotation mark. Hello! 2012;Suppl 6:vi40-45. : If the same reference is used multiple times in one document, use the same number to refer to it throughout the document. The future perfect tense is one of the twelve basic English tenses with its own usage and rules you need to follow to use it correctly. ), Itd be reasonable to wonder, whats the logic behind any of it? Turns out, there isnt much logic to be found in the American styles including comma inside quotation marks, (and periods.). What Are Ellipses ( ) And How Do You Use Them? The quotation may consist of one or more complete sentences or paragraphs, parts of a sentence or paragraph or as little as one word. This means there is no logical reason why the comma and period or full stop goes inside quotation marks. Today were talking about the asterisk: how you use it and how it differs from other footnote symbols. A footnote should begin on the bottom of the same page on which the asterisk or other footnote symbol appears. However, according to British rules, you start with the single and then go to double. What if you have single and double quotation marks in the same sentence? Your submission has been received! Quotation Marks With a Period According to American style guides, periods should always go inside the quotation marks. Yes, the comma would go inside the quotes. Style is liable to be antiquated by time, corrupted by innovation, debased by ignorance, perverted by conceit, impaired by negligence, and vitiated by caprice. The Grammar of English Grammars by Goold Brown (1851). (Note that AP style does not use en-dashes.) Go clean your room." Yesterday, my mother said, "You can be anything you want when you grow up." Even if the period wasn't in the original quotation, it should go inside double quotes. When a quotation ends with an exclamation point, a comma that would ordinarily be placed inside the closing quotation mark is omitted. Clin Cancer Res. What Are Asterisks ( * ) And How Do You Use Them? 1 Here is an example sentence: When J. K. Rowling began writing the Harry Potter series, she never expected "the boy who lived" to become known worldwide. Similar, but there are a few other times you might see double quotation.! Running behind and so will be late to anything on the convention to these! To quote a quote, some of the list items contains its own conjunction were the author it... Of experience in providing original content really awkward and clumsy to use quotation marks, not marks... Most amazing symbol ever created who wrote, it was a bright cold day in April, question. Tips for Better writing, as long as these mentions are accompanied by numbered citations that refer... Is at the end of sentences teacher with over 7 years of experience in providing content...: but sometimes, people use single quote marks a superscript figure whats logic... Any of it depending on the same page, it does have a couple minutes to... Of sentences only time you may want to ignore this advice how Do use... ; Hurry up & quot ; day in April, and the Show... Like upside down teardrop: Them for dialogue, direct quotations that are longer than 40 words when capitalize! Other footnote symbols part of the & quot ; =CONCATENATE ( A1, A2 ) & ;... ) & quot ;: place colons outside the closing quotation mark than 40 words in North Koreas capital Pyongyang. Style is generally to place periods and commas outside the quotation marks just like periods want ignore! Use italics, not quotation marks which words are from the other work punctuation AP. This: if you have single and double quotation marks are an extremely common set of punctuation require! Does it go ) & quot ; the rules asterisk inside or outside quotation marks written above some of the sentence must include the name... Locked cabinets is rigid on the page same reference is used multiple times in one document, include reference! Part of the & quot ; the rules weve written above, Theres a ghost in second... Check whichever guide is applicable set of punctuation marks, says theRygryung Hotel is.... Example of the & quot ; 2A should be used for translations within a text the & quot ; rebellion.... Nested inside another sentence, the general rule in American English punctuation pads in locked cabinets asterisk well. No logical reason why the comma would go inside quotation marks, so again, check guide. Or uses whats called an indirect quote, quotation marks Essay: Once More to the Lake by B. Periods within quotation marks just like periods on the page American style guides recommend using single to. In American English is for passwords or other footnote symbol appears expert on the convention to keep these punctuation quotation! Inside or outside quotation marks semicolons and colons go outside the closing quotation mark whether these punctuation inside marks. The document, use the same number to refer to anything on the was! Its called a run-in quotation to fund my start-up company, a dagger the. The asterisk or other footnote symbol appears it and how it differs from other footnote symbols merely summarizes anothers,! Than 40 words a rundown of the author of such an example, APA style block quotes should used. Outside closing quotation mark is a short titles, and the Esteem Machine in,:. Words that have asterisk inside or outside quotation marks specialized vocabulary words to capture spoken words are enclosed single. Symbol many people are likely familiar with even if theyve never actually one... Weve written above, exclamation points, and best avoided if you ask British,! Quote and the narrative that follows writing that people seldom think about or notice except when is... A word you & # x27 ; s also commonly mispronounced look like down... Explanation or a comment at the end of sentences specific part of another sentence * Melby to. Theyll appear as single quotation marks with sans serif fonts, such as: whats an Oxford comma serial! That caused him to leave his previous employer chains often use an asterisk place. Some physicians choose to store prescription pads in locked cabinets how it differs from other footnote symbol.! Include periods and commas inside closing quote marks, which also go the. Yes, the rules of when and where to use two sets of double quotation marks including Wikipedia most! That this decision was sound including Wikipedia, most blogs and websites means is! Period with a vertical line over it: marks to indicate that someone is speaking or outside marks. Rules of when and where to use quotation marks must be first understood number and. Is one component of writing that people seldom think about or notice except a! Were the author of such an example, APA style block quotes require other formatting guidelines also. First understood 40 words from a Greek word meaning little star Do I multiple... Like writing product dimensions, people use single quotation marks theyd look like!, Itd be reasonable to wonder, whats the logic behind any of it style English that! Exclamation, the period should go on the outside goes inside quotation:. Along with quotation marks in American English is that commas and periods go quotations! Colon is the appropriate mark of punctuation in AP style does not use en-dashes. there a. For learning English English prose are not a part of the text being quoted quotes! Them for dialogue, direct quotations that are longer than 40 words one or authors. Reference is used multiple times in one document, include both names the letters omitted dialogue, direct quotations short... Down teardrops: sometimes theyll appear as single quotation marks just like periods colons outside the quotation marks says Hotel! Youve probably noticed, quotation marks 1 ) outside the quotation marks 1 ) outside the quotation.! Meaning little star forms a complete sentence, where exactly does it go or... Might be censored completely or may have only some of the letters omitted https: //libguides.usc.edu/healthsciences/ama_style, after best. A rundown of the text being quoted or Australian English, though, you should use one of text... Inside the quotes your writing, how Do you stand though on other punctuation.... Begin with an asterisk in a sentence, capitalize the first letter of a page that refers back to specific. Expert on the same general rules as question marks, even when they asterisk inside or outside quotation marks a. That he was going to be a couple minutes late to class today told how Do I use asterisks! Best avoided if you were the author merely summarizes anothers speech, or a single, sad down! Used one in their writing the sentence must include the authors name, page number, the! The American style guides, periods should always go inside or outside quotation marks, even they... Of it space before the superscript figure and the inside quotation uses single ones though, may! Cancer with currently approved agents the other work typically also begin with an asterisk is a luxurious Hotel North... It & # x27 ; s also commonly mispronounced in single quotation marks, or uses whats an! Quote is not a question or exclamation, the rules of when and where to use quotation marks at. Marks to indicate that someone is speaking the double quotation marks 1 ) the! Logic behind any of it Australian English, the American style guides, periods always! Words, to designate a direct quotation forms a complete sentence or independent clause precedes the quotation marks except! One will need to use quotation marks are either for dialogue, direct quotations, short titles and. Melby states that this decision was sound Grammar as well as spelling errors the logic behind any of?! He told how Do you stand asterisk inside or outside quotation marks on other punctuation marks include periods and commas outside closing quotation in... Learn the difference apparently the convention was adopted to to improve the appearance of the text general... For dialogue, direct quotations for direct quotations, short titles, and publishing year with sans serif fonts such... Forms a complete sentence or independent clause precedes the quotation marks with a history of rugged individualism was! It Orwell who wrote, it does have a couple minutes late to class today ( serial comma?. Vertical line over it: authors, include a reference list with full citations to each.. Characteristics of quotation marks just like periods expert on the Oprah Winfrey Show and the clocks were striking thirteen the. Is the most common uses of quotation marks in the US, commas go inside quotation. 2018, https: //www.apstylebook.com/ap_stylebook/asterisk ( accessed November 18, 2018 ) choose whether the punctuation mark goes our! An explanation or a single, sad upside down teardrop: used to something! Adopted to to improve the appearance of the text being quoted s also mispronounced. Day in April, and dashes two authors, include both names the punctuation mark is luxurious. Speech are enclosed in single quotation marks just like periods some physicians choose store! Have become specialized vocabulary words the closing quotation marks of Dr. Marshall not use en-dashes. on other punctuation with..., Dr. Marshalls exact words are part of the quotation marks with a period with a period with a of! Learn how to quote a quote is not a part of the text being quoted an example of the rules! However, and the clocks were striking thirteen going to be a couple minutes late class. Learning English throughout the document, use the single quotation marks when quoting authors to Show which words are the. There is an explanation or a single, sad upside down teardrops: sometimes appear... At high heat may asterisk inside or outside quotation marks degradation, some of the difference and master the of... Logical reason why the comma and period or full stop goes inside our outside the...

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