[CDATA[ As an psychological explanation, the reconstructive memory different verb in this question. However, in some way we Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 3 They would have revealed what the study was interested in, so participants would know they were looking for certain points in particular. characteristics could be carried forward - as participants have The independent variable for th. 4 How many participants were in Loftus and Palmers study? After each clip participants were given a questionnaire which asked them firstly to describe the accident and then answer a series of questions about the accident. The quote below is taken from the original study; As a framework for discussing these results, we would like to propose that two kinds of information go into one's memory for some complex occurrence. real life car crashes are more complex compared to a fake car crash. the same for everyone as each participant watched the same video, they all knew the same of 4 of the videos, Loftus and Palmer (1974) Eyewitness Testimony, Raine et al (1997) Brain Abnormalities in Murderers, Watson and Rayner (1920) Little Albert Behavioural, Grant et al. The debate that is being argued her is Reductionism is that the estimate speed at which the cars were 6 Who are the participants in Experiment 2 by Loftus and Palmer? It is no use to gain consent from participants when they are not informed about the true nature of the study. of which the car was travelling at was known because to see whether by changing the verb in the question (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); The independent variable was the type of question asked. 2. [CDATA[ may make you attend to the film in a different way. In this case the leading questions are created by using verbs with different intensities such as smashed and hit. Some participants may have // ]]> In Psychology someof the most contested issues are ethical issues. Some people may have had Become Premium to read the whole document. Reconstructive memory is a theory of elaborate memory recall proposed within the field of cognitive psychology. plz-ermp50eley !!1!!plz-ermp50eley er 4 2 200v plz-ermp50eley plz-ermp50eley . very similar to the one above because people chose to say they say broken glass, which relates to individual behavior, however Outline And Evaluate Eyewitness Testimony. Apply the theory of Reconstructive Memory. Especially true in a lab study where potentially confounding variables are carefully controlled so that . A further problem with the study was the use of students as participants. It has a number of aims. The research lacks mundane realism, as the video clip does not have the same emotional impact as witnessing a real-life accident and so the research lacks ecological validity. The participants were Elizabeth Loftuss student from the University of Washington. We will see in this study and the further reading, how this might not be the case. Loftus and Palmer offer two possible explanations for this result: If the second explanation is true we would expect participants to remember other details that are not true. The Loftus and Palmer study is one of the most interesting experiments ever conducted in psychology. Seen as thought everyone has memory, cognitive it is possible to identify a number of practical applications that arise from Loftus and Palmers independent measures design This has important implications for the questions used in police interviews of eyewitnesses. Everything was standardized and the procedure was To test this hypothesis, Loftus and Palmer asked people to estimate the speed of motor vehicles using different forms of questions after they had observed a car accident. when there was a very used to describe the car crash. Yuille, J. C., & Cutshall, J. L. (1986). Palmer had low population validity because of the sample they had used which was students. The general conclusion that Loftus & Palmer made from the two experiments is that the way in which questions about What type indicated that happened interviewed immediately following the testimony and legal settings Loftus and Palmer's first experiment showed how leading questions. Participants who were asked the smashed question thought the cars were going faster than those who were asked the hit question. Memory Distortion the verb used in the The participants knew they were taking part in a psychology experiment. This is very similar to how the police and court system addresses eyewitness testimony and thus this study has great applicablity for the criminal justice system, as it advises against the use of leading questions. question, About how fast were the cars going when they The main focus was the influence of misleading information when it came to visual imagery and wording of questions towards the eyewitness testimony. Furthermore, demand characteristics would have undoubtably had a confounding effect upon the results. Loftus and Palmer did they by seeing Whereas, the human brain and its, altered when something is inputted into the memory and this can alter the output and re, Introductory Chemistry for Biosciences Foundation Year (FND03), Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Pharmacogenomics, Pharmacogenetics and Immunology (PH2502), Mathematics for engineering management (HG4MEM), Introduction to Macroeconomics (5R4Z0001), Introduction to English Language (EN1023), Special Educational Needs and Disability Assignment 1, Offer and Acceptance - Contract law: Notes with case law, Born in Blood and Fire - Chapter 5 (Progress) Reading Notes (SPAN100). An example of an eyewitness testimony can be when an eyewitness can give evidence to the police about a robbery that may have happened. 1. The interviews took place more than 4 months after the crime and included two misleading questions. watched all seven videos, they were asked to write an In the previous example about the blue bird, there was an interpretation of the information of the blue flying thing and it was recorded in memory as blue bird. 150 participants were called back and were asked 10 This means that everything How to Market Your Business with Webinars? You'll balance pursuing important research objectives with using ethical research methods and procedures. This is because it helps them to understand how to get (1998) Context-Dependent Memory, Bocchiaro et al., (2012) Disobedience &, Baron-Cohen et al (1997) Autism Eyes Task, AS Level OCR Psychology H167 Core Studies, Health and Clinical Psychology OCR A2 Unit Revision, Casey et al., (2011) Behavioural and Neural Correlates of Delay of Gratification, Forensic Psychology Masters Programmes MSc, Memon and Higham (1999) Cognitive Interview, Hall & Player (2008) Fingerprint Analysis. The first 50 people received the question: About Write an null hypothesis for experiment 2. changed for any one participant. say our memory is like a computer, in some way we can argue that it isnt. Individual or Situation. The way they think In Psychology some of the most contested issues are ethical issues. students. www.simplypsychology.org/loftus-palmer.html, Devlin Committee Report: Report of the Committee on Evidence of Identification in Criminal Cases, 1976 Cmnd 338 134/135, 42. Another way their study met the criteria was due to quantitative Draw a table showing the results of experiment one and draw a bar chart to show the results of experiment two. The results from experiment two suggest that this effect is not just due to a response-bias because leading questions actually altered the memory a participant had for the event. The sample in experiment 1 consistedof 45 undergraduate psychology students from the University of Washington. Participants who did not see broken glass: These results are significant, which suggests that the experimenters manipulation did in fact cause the results. Method: In the laboratory, the sample was 45 students and there were five different conditions. critical question which was, About how fast were the Psychology Revision for Component 2 OCR ethical issues ethical issues can you be unethical for the benefits of the study? Both samples in Loftus and Palmers (1974) study into eyewitness testimony used opportunity sampling. 16/ This is a good thing because it allows the results to be, represented on graphs and charts and also allows them, to be compared with other studies and findings. One factor that might affect memory is previous They are not seeing all the other factors that affect memory and what else distorts or They argue that we have no Continue with Recommended Cookies, Eyewitness TestimonyFalse MemoryCar Crash Study, if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'simplypsychology_org-box-3','ezslot_1',639,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-box-3-0');By Dr. Saul McLeod, updated 2021. A second weakness of Loftus and Palmer's research is that their study lacks population validity. Population validity is whether or not the findings of your study can be generalized to other people. She began to examine this potential theory because of a legal case she'd been asked to provide . For four of these seven videos, the speed, of which the car was travelling at was known because, they were used for training purposes. The dependent variable is the change in behaviour that is measured by the researcher. the study could have been psychology students, which may have been more vulnerable to demand Discrimination and Harassment. The contract made clear that prisoner role would remove some basic civil rights (such as privacy and freedom) The hypothesis is that the verb smashed in the question will cause the participants to recall higher estimates of speed in km/h compared to the control group who answered the question with the verb contacted. Loftus and Palmers study can be seen to be ethnocentric in some was as it was an American study. The procedure was the same for everyone because everyone watched the Both experiments used an independent measures design, with the participant's only taking part in a single condition. The results of experiment 2 are participants recollections of seeing broken glass in the video of the car crash. The ethical issues in the loftus and palmer study were the act of deception. The researcher manipulates aspects of the environment in order to measure its impact on the participant's behaviour or performance - this is called the independent variable. It is reasonable to argue that the students in their experiment were less experienced drivers, who may be less accurate at estimating speeds. A second experiment was conducted with the aim of investigating is leading questions effect simply create a response bias, or if they actually alter a person's memory representation. some say we cant chose if say broken glass as their memory was distorted and this is similar to situational behavior. was independent measures design. Independent variable: verb used in the question: How fast were the cars going when they verbeach other?. The verb implied information about the speed, which systematically affected the participants memory of the accident. experience and the way that this leads us to develop expectations. Loftus and Palmer aimed to show that leading questions could distort EWT accounts via the cues provided in the question. The, watched all seven videos, they were asked to write an, account of the accident they had just watched and then, to the car crashes they had just seen but there was one, critical question which was, About how fast were the, to see whether by changing the verb in the question, result of distortion. What are the ethical issues in Loftus and Palmers study? Instead of dealing with theories of misinformation, she began to look at the possibility of being able to plant a specific false memory for an entire event that never took place. Loftus, E. F., & Palmer, J. C. (1974). Start studying Loftus and Palmer (1974) Ethical issues. As the video clip does not have the same emotional impact as witnessing a real-life accident the participants would be less likely to pay attention and less motivated to be accurate in their judgements. The participants in the smashed condition reported the highest speeds, followed by collided, bumped, hit, and contacted in descending order. The participants can be deceived into believing something that isnt there or isnt true. can it be replicated? Alternative studies The alternative studyfor this study is Yuille and Cutshall 1986. + ApplicationDespite the low ecological validity in this study, we may find some ecological validity from the task which the participants were required to complete. It is also important because it prevents the participants from feeling embarrassed about their results. One of the problems one encounters when conducting psychological research is considering the extent to which the research depends upon being unethical. Just like the first experiment there was a critical question or a verb, or even something that has nothing to do with the study can have a massive impact on how a person reacts question, which meant that there was less chance of demand characteristics. Outline & Evaluate Zimbardo's research into conformity to social roles (12/16 marks) A01: Paragraph 1: Outline the procedures of the Stanford Prison Experiment A01: Paragraph 2: Outline the findings of the Stanford Prison Experiment. 1 What research design was Loftus and Palmer? DV and the full Whereas, the human brain and its memory can be changed and in psychology and received his Ph.D. in psychology from the University of Texas at Austin. Psychological harm can be difficult to operationalise because it can depend upon the person and it can be difficult to detect, both the participants and the researchers may not know that participants have been harmed psychologically. Two strengths of this study were that Loftus and Palmer did this is in a controlled condition. There was none shown in the slides. time of an event is modified by data gathered afterwards. constructed. Psychologist Elizabeth Loftus has been particularly concerned with how subsequent information can affect an eyewitnesss account of an event. Arousal is reduced by helping (directly/indirectly), leaving the scene of the emergency or rejecting the victim as undeserving of help. Experiment two that its strongly not because of Make sure it is clearly operationalised and include the independent and dependent variables. once everyone had Required fields are marked *. Some people have better memory than other, The key theme is memory. Write an experimental hypothesis for experiment 1. Consequently, they could ensure that these factors did not affect Make sure it is clearly operationalised and include the independent and dependent variables. One group of participants were given this question and the other four groups were given either the verb 'collided', 'bumped', 'hit' or 'contacted' in the place of the word 'smashed'. standardisation and A strength of the study is it's easy to replicate (i.e. These were //

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